Struma †a Ship Filled With Jewish Refugees

Afraid of becoming victims of the horrors being perpetrated by the Nazis in Eastern Europe, 769 Jews attempted to flee to Palestine on board the ship  Struma. Leaving from Romania on December 12, 1941, they were scheduled for a shortstop in Istanbul. However, with a failed engine and no immigration papers, the Struma  and its passengers  became stuck in port for ten weeks. When it was made clear that no country would let the Jewish refugees land, the Turkish government pushed the still-broken  Struma  out to sea on February 23, 1942. Within hours, the stranded ship was torpedoed—there was only one survivor. Boarding By December 1941, Europe was engulfed in World War II and the Holocaust was fully underway, with mobile killing squads (Einsatzgruppen) killing Jews en masse and huge gas chambers being planned at Auschwitz. Jews wanted out of Nazi-occupied Europe but there were few ways to escape. The  Struma  was promised a chance to get to Palestine. The  Struma  was an  old, dilapidated, 180-ton,  Greek cattle ship that  was extremely ill-equipped for this journey - it had only one bathroom for all 769 passengers and no kitchen. Still, it offered hope.   On December 12, 1941, the  Struma  left Constanta,  Romania under a Panamanian flag, with  Bulgarian captain G. T. Gorbatenko in charge.   Having  paid an exorbitant price for passage on the Struma, the passengers hoped that the ship could safely make it to its short, scheduled stop at Istanbul (ostensibly to pick up their Palestinian immigration certificates) and then on to Palestine. Waiting in Istanbul The trip to Istanbul was difficult because the Strumas  engine kept breaking down, but they did reach Istanbul safely in three days. Here, the Turks would not allow the passengers to land. Instead, the Struma was anchored offshore in a quarantine section of the port. While attempts were made to repair the engine, the passengers were forced to stay on board - week after week. It was in Istanbul that the passengers discovered their most serious problem thus far on this trip - there were no immigration certificates awaiting them. It had all been part of a hoax to jack-up the price of the passage. These refugees were attempting (though they had not known it earlier) an illegal entry into Palestine. The British, who were in control of Palestine, had heard of the Strumas voyage and had thus requested the Turkish government prevent the Struma from passing through the Straits. The Turks were adamant that they did not want this group of people on their land. An effort was made to return the ship to Romania, but the Romanian government would not allow it. While the countries debated, the passengers were living a miserable existence on board. On Board Though traveling on the dilapidated Struma  had perhaps seemed endurable for a few days, living on board for weeks upon weeks began to cause serious physical and mental health problems. There was no fresh water on board and the provisions had quickly been used up. The ship was so small that not all the passengers could stand above deck at once; thus, the passengers were forced to take turns on the deck in order to get a respite from the stifling hold.* The Arguments The British did not want to allow the refugees into Palestine because they were afraid that many more shiploads of refugees would follow. Also, some British government officials used the often cited excuse against refugees and emigrants—that there could be an enemy spy among the refugees. The Turks were adamant that no refugees were to land in Turkey. The Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) had even offered to create an on a land camp for the Struma refugees fully funded by the JDC, but the Turks would not agree. Because the Struma was not allowed into Palestine, not allowed to stay in Turkey, and not allowed to return to Romania, the boat and its passengers remained anchored and isolated for ten weeks. Though many were sick, just one woman was allowed to disembark and that was because she was in the advanced stages of pregnancy. The Turkish government then announced that if a decision was not made by February 16, 1942, they would send the Struma back into the Black Sea. Save the Children? For weeks, the British had adamantly denied the entry of all the refugees aboard the  Struma, even the children. But as the Turks deadline neared, the British government acquiesced to allow some of the children to enter Palestine. The British announced that children between the ages of 11 and 16 on the  Struma  would be allowed to immigrate. But there were problems with this. The plan was that the children would disembark, then travel through Turkey to reach Palestine. Unfortunately, the Turks remained stringent on their rule of allowing no refugees onto their land. The Turks would not approve this over-land route. In addition to the Turks refusal to let the children land, Alec Walter George Randall, Counsellor in the British Foreign Office, aptly summarized an additional problem: Even if we get the Turks to agree I should imagine that the process of selecting the children and taking them from their parents off the   Struma  would be an extremely distressing one. Who do you propose should undertake it, and has the possibility of the adults refusing to let the children go been considered?** In the end, no children were let off the  Struma. Set Adrift The Turks had set a deadline for February 16. By this date, there was still no decision. The Turks then waited a few more days. But on the night of February 23, 1942, Turkish police boarded the  Struma  and informed its passengers that they were to be removed from Turkish waters. The passengers begged and pleaded - even put up some resistance - but to no avail. The  Struma  and its passengers were towed approximately six miles (ten kilometers) from the coast and left there. The boat still had no working engine (all attempts to repair it had failed). The  Struma  also had no fresh water, food, or fuel. Torpedoed After just a couple of hours drifting, the Struma  exploded. Most believe that a Soviet torpedo hit and sank the  Struma. The Turks did not send out rescue boats until the next morning - they only picked up one survivor (David Stoliar). All 768 of the other passengers perished. * Bernard Wasserstein, Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945 (London: Clarendon Press, 1979) 144.** Alec Walter George Randall as quoted in Wasserstein, Britain 151. Bibliography Ofer, Dalia. Struma.  Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Ed. Israel Gutman. New York: Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1990. Wasserstein, Bernard.  Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. London: Clarendon Press, 1979. Yahil, Leni.  The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Gender Inequality-Charlotte Gilman Janet Chafetz

Gender Inequality Charlotte P. Gilman amp; Janet Chafetz Gender Inequality Gender Inequality is when men and women are separated by the belief that one gender is superior to the other in forms that deny full participation or restrictions to one’s ability to live an equal life. Ever since the dawn of time there has been one gender superior to the other and to this day there are still gender differences in the political, economical and physical life of a male versus a female. Charlotte Perkins Gilman is one theorist that I chose to help explain this trend of males having power over women. Gilman was an evolutionist theorist; her point of view helps me explain how gender inequality came about and how women are viewed during the late†¦show more content†¦Gilman would propose that this would fall under her gynaecocentric theory where men were too powerful and women were slowly moved from the productive sphere and were exploited. Chafetz proposes that these women were in the meso level of her coercive structure. Women held positions such as nurse s to help aid the men, while there was no chance of them advancing or even getting paid. This was also based on an unintentional change because men were out at war and so women were left to take over some positions to fill the gaps. In the 1900’s everything began to change for women. Men went to fight at WWI so their positions as airplane and automotive mechanics, truck drivers and police officers had to be replenished (Women, 2010). Women were also discouraged from taking jobs from men. Some states even forbid Image source: http://school.discoveryeducation.com women to work but many had to support their family some way so they worked despite the low wages and horrible conditions (Women, 2010). The Ziegfield Image source:silverscreenmodiste.comsilverscreenmodiste.comsilverscreenmodiste.com Follies were women who had to be a certain size and look a certain way to be able to perform (work). The different changes since the beginning of time justify Gilman’s theory of evolution. The economy during this time period has change so much that these women had to do what was in their best interest and work regardless ofShow MoreRelatedFeminist Theory2762 Words   |  12 Pagesto achieve them. For nearly one hundred and fifty years, women have fought for equality and been oppressed by men, and no matter what they do, they will never be considered equals (Hughes, 2002:161). Feminism focuses on the relations between genders and how both male and female become classified as distinct groups rather than a team united as one. The preceding was what feminists and historians want us believe, however, this is not always the case and quite possibly, it has never been the

The Types of Tourism in Belarus Free Essays

When speaking about tourism potential of Belarus, it’s important to mention that it is mainly based on natural diversity and beauty and unique historic and cultural heritage including thousands of tourism objects of historic, cultural and architectural value, memorable places connected with the names of world’s outstanding historical and cultural figures. Cultural tourism (or culture tourism) is the subset of tourism concerned with a country or region’s culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those peoples, their art, architecture, religion(s), and other elements that helped shape their way of life. On the territory of Belarus there is a number of ancient towns such as Polotsk, Novogrudok, Turov, Grodno, Nesvizh and many others. We will write a custom essay sample on The Types of Tourism in Belarus or any similar topic only for you Order Now In many towns there are numerous temples and monasteries, palaces, castles and other monuments of architectural, historic and cultural value. Four architectural monuments that situated on the territory of the Republic of Belarus are included in the List of UNESCO World Heritage: Castle complex †Mirâ€Å" situated in the village of Mir (Grodno region), architectural and cultural complex of the Radzivilles at the town of Nesvizh (Minsk region), Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Brest region), the Struve Geodetic Arc (a chain of survey triangulations stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, through ten countries and over 2,820 km). Nowadays the most popular excursions are connected with cultural, ethnographic and historic heritage of Belarus, such as â€Å"Budslav-Glubokoe-Mosar†, â€Å"Dudutki†, â€Å"The world of small towns† (Ivenez-Rakov). Rehabilitation tourism (also called medical travel, health tourism or global healthcare) is a term initially coined by travel agencies and the mass media to describe the rapidly-growing practice of traveling to obtain health care. From the almost forgotten folktales and ancient legends the deep-rooted belief in the healing power of nature is becoming stronger and stronger in us, the children of the hi-tech age. And this belief isn’t so naive. Belarus actually possesses a variety of resources for the development of therapeutical and rehabilitation tourism. The fund of healing resources including a complex of climatic factors alongside with mineral water springs and medicinal peloids facilitates the treatment of quite a range of diseases. In Belarus the background for developing this type of tourism is rather rich. There are many mineral water resources, therapeutic peloids, speleo, climatic and phytotherapeutic resources. This potential is used by various sanatorium-and-spa institutions on the territory of Belarus. There are more than 300 sanatorium-and-spa institutions including sanatoria, recreation centers, vacation houses, rehabilitation centers for children. The most popular sanatoria are â€Å"Naroch†, â€Å"Radon†, â€Å"Belaya Rus†, â€Å"Ozerny†. Recreation centers of republic importance are â€Å"Vileika†(the largest in Belarus), â€Å"Berezino†, â€Å"Stolbzy†, â€Å"Ivenez†. You can try the more active way of restoring your energy and fitness, unless the quiet sanatorium surrouding suits your rhythm of life. There are several tourist centers that serve the aim of health resumption. They are  «Narochanka »,  «Vysoky bereg »,  «Braslavskie ozyora »,  «Lesnoye ozero »,  «Beloye ozero »,  «Losvido »,  «Orta »,  «Sozh »,  «Nieman ». Belarus has all the facilities for those who is used to the active way of life and is fond of being challenged by hiking, cycling, horse and water travelling so you can choose what suits you more for having a good time and rest. Belarus has a gentle nature, virgin woods and calm, blue eyes of the lakes and endless fields stretching as far as eye can follow. Water tourism is becoming the most enjoyed one in Belarus, the country with more than 20 thousand rivers and 10 thousand lakes. Lakes Naroch, Svityaz and Braslav Lakes, the rivers Narochanka, Villia, Ysloch, Nieman, Shchara, Prypiats, Berezina are extremely popular waterways among the tourists. There great prospects for the water tourism will become available due to the launching of the project on the water canals of XVIII-XIX cent. restoration. They are Avgustovsky, Ogynsky canals of the Berezina water system. What is more the Dnieper-and-Bug canal will be facilitated with tourism infrastrucrure. And for this restoration the ancient waterways of polish kings and the legendary way â€Å"from Varagian to Greek† will come to life. The abundance of easy waterways will acquaint you with a range of main sights of the country let alone bring you a delight of rafting. There are the east to west and north to south itineraries. Another favourite itinerary that enjoys the popularity is a hike to the special nature reserve â€Å"Golubye ozyora† (Blue lakes). The scenery of the two sapphires of the lakes Gloublya and Gloubelka that unfolds magnificently when you stand on the observation ground makes you stop and stare. Belarusian roads invite everyone to have amusing bike rides. This means of transport makes you feel free and careless, feel the touch with nature not breaking its fragile balance. Besides the bike-routes within the country there are some from Germany and Poland to Russia and the countries of the Baltic Sea. How to cite The Types of Tourism in Belarus, Papers